Millions of cases of adverse drug reactions (ADRs) are reported annually, many of which account for thousands of deaths. This makes the ADRs one of the leading causes of hospitalization and of death in the United States.
Knowing the patient’s genetic susceptibility to ADRs is instrumental in preventing serious drug related consequences. An example of a genetic marker associated with ADR is HLA-B*5701 genotype and hypersensitivity to abacavir, used to treat HIV infection. Variants of the HLA genes are reported to be associated with adverse reactions with several therapeutic drugs. To mitigate potentially adverse drug reactions, the FDA recommends testing for HLA typing before administering such drugs. Kashi Clinical Laboratories offers testing of a comprehensive battery of HLA biomarkers. The followings are examples of additional drugs associated with harmful reactions.
Allopurinol is the most commonly used drug for the treatment of hyperuricemia and gout. However, allopurinol is also one of the most common causes of severe cutaneous adverse reactions (SCARs), which include drug hypersensitivity syndrome, Stevens–Johnson syndrome, and toxic epidermal necrolysis. A variant allele of the human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-B, HLA-B*58:01, associates strongly with allopurinol-induced SCAR.
The diagnosis of dampness and mold hypersensitivity syndrome (DMHS) is clinical and is based on the patient’s history and careful examination supplemented by risk assessment based on an HLA-DR test. A study has shown the following HLA gene combinations are implicated in mold hypersensitivity:
Phenytoin is a drug to treat epileptic seizures with a structural resemblance to carbamazepine, another antiepileptic drug. New studies have show when Asian patients who test positive for HLA-B*1502 are treated with phenytoin, they are at serious risks for developing adverse skin reactions. The occurrence of allele carriers with HLA-B*1502 is estimated to be 10-15% in patients from China, Thailand, Malaysia, Indonesia, the Philippines, and Taiwan.
Kashi Clinical Laboratories uses a variety of techniques including Sanger Sequencing, Next Generation Sequencing, and Real-Time PCR to obtain the most reliable result.
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