ApoE

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  5. Strittmatter WJ, Saunders AM, Schmecheld et al. Apolipoprotein E: High-avidity binding to B-amyloid and increased frequency of type 4 allele in late-onset familial Alzheimer disease. PNAS. 1993:90;1977-1981.
  6. Aleshkov S, Abraham CR, and Zannis VI. Interaction of nascent ApoE2, ApoE3, and ApoE4 isoforms expressed in mammalian cells with amyloid peptide beta (1-40). Relevance to Alzheimer’s disease. Biochemistry. 1997:36(34);10571-80.
  7. Liu Y, Yu JT, Wang HF, et al. APOE genotype and neuroimaging markers of Alzheimer’s disease: systematic review and meta-analysis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2015;86(2):127-34.
  8. Huang W, Qiu C, Von strauss E, Winblad B, Fratiglioni L. APOE genotype, family history of dementia, and Alzheimer disease risk: a 6-year follow-up study. Arch Neurol. 2004;61(12):1930-4.
  9. Weisgraber KH, Innerarity TL, Mahley RW. Abnormal lipoprotein receptor-binding activity of the human E apoprotein due to cysteine-arginine interchange at a single site. J Biol Chem. 1982;257(5):2518-21.
  10. Mahley RW, Huang Y, Rall SC. Pathogenesis of type III hyperlipoproteinemia (dysbetalipoproteinemia). Questions, quandaries, and paradoxes. J Lipid Res. 1999;40(11):1933-49.
  11. Mahley RW, Rall SC. Apolipoprotein E: far more than a lipid transport protein. Annu Rev Genomics Hum Genet. 2000;1:507-37.
  12. Mediterranean diet: A heart-healthy eating plan. Mayo Clinic website. https://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/nutrition-and-healthyeating/in-depth/mediterranean-diet/art-20047801. Accessed December 4, 2019.
  13. The Secret Behind the Mediterranean Diet. Life Extension website. https://www.lifeextension.com/magazine/2010/1/the-secret-behind-themediterranean- diet. Published January 2010. Accessed December 4, 2019.
  14. Nutrition and Healthy Eating. Mayo Clinic website. https://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/nutrition-and-healthy-eating/indepth/nutrition-basics/hlv-20049477. Accessed December 4, 2019.
  15. Robinson JG, Stone NJ. Antiatherosclerotic and antithrombotic effects of omega-3 fatty acids. Am J Cardiol. 2006;98(4A):39i-49i.
  16. Thomas SR, Neuzil J, Mohr D, Stocker R. Coantioxidants make alpha-tocopherol an efficient antioxidant for low-density lipoprotein. Am J Clin Nutr. 1995;62(6 Suppl):1357S-1364S.
  17. Jie KG, Bots ML, Vermeer C, Witteman JC, Grobbee DE. Vitamin K status and bone mass in women with and without aortic atherosclerosis: a population-based study. Calcif Tissue Int. 1996;59(5):352-6.
  18. Geleijnse JM, Vermeer C, Grobbee DE, et al. Dietary intake of menaquinone is associated with a reduced risk of coronary heart disease: the Rotterdam Study. J Nutr. 2004;134(11):3100-519.
  19. Aviram M, Dornfeld L. Pomegranate juice consumption inhibits serum angiotensin converting enzyme activity and reduces systolic blood pressure. Atherosclerosis. 2001;158(1):195-8.
  20. Aviram M, Rosenblat M, Gaitini D, et al. Pomegranate juice consumption for 3 years by patients with carotid artery stenosis reduces common carotid intima-media thickness, blood pressure and LDL oxidation. Clin Nutr. 2004;23(3):423-33.
  21. Enhance Endothelial Health: How Pomegranate Protects Against Atherosclerosis. Life Extension website.
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  23. Belcaro G, Dugall M, Hosoi M, et al. Pycnogenol® and Centella Asiatica for asymptomatic atherosclerosis progression. Int Angiol. 2014;33(1):20-6.
  24. Cesarone MR, Belcaro G, Nicolaides AN, et al. Increase in echogenicity of echolucent carotid plaques after treatment with total triterpenic fraction of Centella asiatica: a prospective, placebo-controlled, randomized trial. Angiology. 2001;52 Suppl 2:S19-25.
  25. Akhtar MS, Ramzan A, Ali A, Ahmad M. Effect of Amla fruit (Emblica officinalis Gaertn.) on blood glucose and lipid profile of normal subjects and type 2 diabetic patients. Int J Food Sci Nutr. 2011;62(6):609-16.
  26. Cai F, Li C, Wu J, et al. Modulation of the oxidative stress and nuclear factor kappaB activation by theaflavin 3,3′-gallate in the rats exposed to cerebral ischemia-reperfusion. Folia Biol (Praha). 2007;53(5):164-72.
  27. Englisch W, Beckers C, Unkauf M, Ruepp M, Zinserling V. Efficacy of Artichoke dry extract in patients with hyperlipoproteinemia. Arzneimittelforschung. 2000;50(3):260-5.
  28. Rondanelli M, Giacosa A, Opizzi A, et al. Beneficial effects of artichoke leaf extract supplementation on increasing HDL-cholesterol in subjects with primary mild hypercholesterolaemia: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Int J Food Sci Nutr. 2013;64(1):7-15.
  29. Rondanelli M, Castellazzi AM, Riva A, et al. Natural Killer Response and Lipo-Metabolic Profile in Adults with Low HDL-Cholesterol and Mild Hypercholesterolemia: Beneficial Effects of Artichoke Leaf Extract Supplementation. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2019;2019:2069701.
  30. Evans M, Rumberger JA, Azumano I, Napolitano JJ, Citrolo D, Kamiya T. Pantethine, a derivative of vitamin B5, favorably alters total, LDL and non-HDL cholesterol in low to moderate cardiovascular risk subjects eligible for statin therapy: a triple-blinded placebo and diet-controlled investigation. Vasc Health Risk Manag. 2014;10:89-100.
  31. Scarmeas N, Luchsinger JA, Schupf N, et al. Physical activity, diet, and risk of Alzheimer disease. JAMA. 2009;302(6):627-37.
  32. Larson EB, Wang L. Exercise, aging, and Alzheimer disease. Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord. 2004;18(2):54-6.
  33. Hoffmann K, Sobol NA, Frederiksen KS, et al. Moderate-to-High Intensity Physical Exercise in Patients with Alzheimer’s Disease: A Randomized Controlled Trial. J Alzheimers Dis. 2016;50(2):443-53.
  34. How to Delay Brain Aging by 11 Years. Life Extension website. https://www.lifeextension.com/magazine/2016/4/how-to-delay-brain-aging-by-11-years. Published April 2016. Accessed December 5, 2019.
  35. Scarmeas N, Stern Y, Tang MX, Mayeux R, Luchsinger JA. Mediterranean diet and risk for Alzheimer’s disease. Ann Neurol. 2006;59(6):912-21.
  36. Yurko-mauro K, Mccarthy D, Rom D, et al. Beneficial effects of docosahexaenoic acid on cognition in age-related cognitive decline. Alzheimers Dement. 2010;6(6):456-64.
  37. Yassine HN, Feng Q, Azizkhanian I, et al. Association of Serum Docosahexaenoic Acid With Cerebral Amyloidosis. JAMA Neurol. 2016;73(10):1208-1216.
  38. Yassine HN, Braskie MN, Mack WJ, et al. Association of Docosahexaenoic Acid Supplementation With Alzheimer Disease Stage in Apolipoprotein E ε4 Carriers: A Review. JAMA Neurol. 2017;74(3):339-347.
  39. Kato-kataoka A, Sakai M, Ebina R, Nonaka C, Asano T, Miyamori T. Soybean-derived phosphatidylserine improves memory function of the elderly Japanese subjects with memory complaints. J Clin Biochem Nutr. 2010;47(3):246-55.
  40. Schreiber S, Kampf-sherf O, Gorfine M, Kelly D, Oppenheim Y, Lerer B. An open trial of plant-source derived phosphatydilserine for treatment of age-related cognitive decline. Isr J Psychiatry Relat Sci. 2000;37(4):302-7.
  41. Szilágyi G, Nagy Z, Balkay L, et al. Effects of vinpocetine on the redistribution of cerebral blood flow and glucose metabolism in chronic ischemic stroke patients: a PET study. J Neurol Sci. 2005;229-230:275-84.
  42. Dézsi L, Kis-varga I, Nagy J, Komlódi Z, Kárpáti E. [Neuroprotective effects of vinpocetine in vivo and in vitro. Apovincaminic acid derivatives as potential therapeutic tools in ischemic stroke]. Acta Pharm Hung. 2002;72(2):84-91.
  43. Pereira C, Agostinho P, Oliveira CR. Vinpocetine attenuates the metabolic dysfunction induced by amyloid beta-peptides in PC12 cells. Free Radic Res. 2000;33(5):497-506.
  44. Mashayekh A, Pham DL, Yousem DM, Dizon M, Barker PB, Lin DD. Effects of Ginkgo biloba on cerebral blood flow assessed by quantitative MR perfusion imaging: a pilot study. Neuroradiology. 2011;53(3):185-91.
  45. Motoi Y, Shimada K, Ishiguro K, Hattori N. Lithium and autophagy. ACS Chem Neurosci. 2014;5(6):434-42.
  46. Nunes MA, Schöwe NM, Monteiro-silva KC, et al. Chronic Microdose Lithium Treatment Prevented Memory Loss and Neurohistopathological Changes in a Transgenic Mouse Model of Alzheimer’s Disease. PLoS ONE. 2015;10(11):e0142267.
  47. Nunes MA, Viel TA, Buck HS. Microdose lithium treatment stabilized cognitive impairment in patients with Alzheimer’s disease. Curr Alzheimer Res. 2013;10(1):104-7.
  48. Szaniszlo P, German P, Hajas G, Saenz DN, Kruzel M, Boldogh I. New insights into clinical trial for Colostrinin in Alzheimer’s disease. J Nutr Health Aging. 2009;13(3):235-41.
  49. Leszek J, Inglot AD, Janusz M, et al. Colostrinin proline-rich polypeptide complex from ovine colostrum–a long-term study of its efficacy in Alzheimer’s disease. Med Sci Monit. 2002;8(10):PI93-6.
  50. Slutsky I, Abumaria N, Wu LJ, et al. Enhancement of learning and memory by elevating brain magnesium. Neuron. 2010;65(2):165-77.
  51. Li W, Yu J, Liu Y, et al. Elevation of brain magnesium prevents synaptic loss and reverses cognitive deficits in Alzheimer’s disease mouse model. Mol Brain. 2014;7:65.
  52. Wang J, Liu Y, Zhou LJ, et al. Magnesium L-threonate prevents and restores memory deficits associated with neuropathic pain by inhibition of TNF-α. Pain Physician. 2013;16(5):E563-75.
  53. Zhang HY, Tang XC. Neuroprotective effects of huperzine A: new therapeutic targets for neurodegenerative disease. Trends Pharmacol Sci. 2006;27(12):619-25.
  54. Liang YQ, Tang XC. Comparative effects of huperzine A, donepezil and rivastigmine on cortical acetylcholine level and acetylcholinesterase activity in rats. Neurosci Lett. 2004;361(1-3):56-9.
  55. Li WM, Kan KK, Carlier PR, Pang YP, Han YF. East meets West in the search for Alzheimer’s therapeutics – novel dimeric inhibitors from tacrine and huperzine A. Curr Alzheimer Res. 2007;4(4):386-96.
  56. Kennedy DO, Pace S, et al. Effects of cholinesterase inhibiting sage (Salvia officinalis) on mood, anxiety and performance on a psychological stressor battery. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2006;31(4):845-52.
  57. Lopresti A et al. Salvia (Sage): A Review of its Potential Cognitive-Enhancing and Protective Effects. Drugs in R&D. 2017;17(1):53-64.
  58. Scholey AB, et al. An extract of Salvia (sage) with anticholinesterase properties improves memory and attention in healthy older volunteers. Psychopharmacology. 2008;198(1):127-39.

Cardiac Health

  1. Roberts R and Stewart A. 9p21 and the genetic Revolution for Coronary Artery Disease. Clinical Chemistry. 2012; 58(1):104-112.
  2. Catt KJ et al. Angiotensin II blood levels in human hypertension. The Lancet. 1971; 297:459-464.
  3. Wang WZ. Association between T174M polymorphism in the angiotensinogen gene and risk of coronary artery disease: a meta-analysis. J Geriatr Cardiol. 2013: 10:59-65.
  4. Cosentino F and Luscher TF. Maintenance of vascular integrity: role of nitric oxide and other bradykinin mediators. Eur Heart J. 1995; 16 Suppl K:4-12.
  5. Tesauro M et. Al. Intracellular processing of endothelial nitric oxide synthase isoforms associated with differences in severity of cardiopulmonary diseases: cleavage of proteins with aspartate vs. glutamate at position 298. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2006:2832-2835.
  6. Wang M et al. Association of G894T polymorphism in endothelial nitric oxide synthase gene with the risk of ischemic stroke: A meta-analysis.Biomed Rep. 2013: (1)1:144-150.
  7. Refsum H et al. The Hordaland Homocysteine Study: A community-Based Study of Homocysteine, Its Determinants, and Associations with Disease. J Nutr. 2006; 136:1731S-174OS.
  8. Frost P et. Al. A candidate genetic risk factor for vascular disease: a common mutation in methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase. Nat Genet.1995; 10-111-113.
  9. Cotlarciuc I et al. Effect of genetic variants associated with plasma homocysteine levels on stroke risk. Stroke. 2014; 45(7):1920-4.
  10. Weisberg I et al. A second genetic polymorphism in methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) associated with decreased enzyme activity. Mol Genet Metab. 1998; 64:169-72
  11. Poort SR et.al. A common genetic variation in the 3’-untranslated region of the prothrombin gene is associated with elevated plasma prothrombin levels and an increase in venous thrombosis. Blood. Nov 15, 1996:88(10):3698-703.
  12. Simone B et al. Risk of venous thromboembolism associated with single and combined effects of Factor V Leiden, Prothrombin 20210A and Methylenetethraydrofolate reductase C677T: a meta-analysis involving over 11,000 cases and 21,000 controls. Eur J Epidemiol. 2013; 28(8):621-47.
  13. Gohil, R et al. The Genetics of Venous Thromboembolism: A meta-analysis involving 120,000 cases and 180,000 controls. Journal of Thrombosis and Haemostasis. 2009; 102: 360-370.
  14. Kujovich J et. al GeneReviews; 1999 “Factor V Leiden Thrombophilia”.
  15. Bertina RM et al. Mutation in blood coagulation factor V associated with resistance to activated protein C. Nature. 1994; 369(6475):64-7.
  16. Mahley RW et al. Apolipoprotein E: Far More Than a Lipid Transport Protein. Annu Rev Genomics Hum Genet. 2000; 1:507-537.
  17. Howard BV et al. Association of Apolipoprotein E Phenotype with Plasma lipoproteins in African-American and White Young Adults. Am J Epidemiol. 1998: 148(9):859-868.
  18. Niemi M et al. Organic Anion Transporting Protein 181:a Genetically Polymorphic Transporter of Major Importance for Hepatic Drug Uptake. Pharm Review. 2011; 63(1): 157-181.
  19. Saita E et al. Anti-inflammatory Diet for Atherosclerosis and Coronary Artery Disease: Antioxidant Foods. Clinical Medicine Insights: Cardiology. 2014:8(S3) 61-65.
  20. Fan E, Zhang L, Jiang S, Bai Y. Beneficial effects of resveratrol on atherosclerosis. J Med Food. 2008;11(4):610-4.
  21. Hosogoe N et al. Add-on Antiplatelet Effects of Eicosapentaenoic Acid with Tailored Dose Setting in Patients on Dual Antiplatelet Therapy. Int Heart J. 2017 Ag 3; 58 (4): 481-485.
  22. Ho, H. T. et al. A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials of the effect of konjac glucomannan, a viscous soluble fiber, on LDL cholesterol and the new lipid targets non-HDL cholesterol and apolipoprotein B. Am J Clin Nutr. 2017; 105(5):1239-1247.
  23. Zelman, K. April 07, 2016. Fiber: How Much Do I Need? WebMD. https://www.webmd.com/diet/guide/fiber-how-much-do-you-need#1. [2017,October 2]
  24. Nordmann A et al. Effects of Low-Carbohydrate vs Low-fat Diets on Weight loss and Cardiovascular Risk Factors. Arch Intern Med. 2006; 166:285-293.

Celiac – DQ2/DQ8

  1. Megiorni F et al. HLA-DQ and risk gradient for celiac disease. Hum Imm. 2009; 70:55-59.
  2. Megiorni F et al. HLA-DQA1 and HLA-DQB1 in celiac disease predisposition: practical implications of the HLA molecular typing. J of Biomed Sci. 2012; 19:88.
  3. Abadie et al. Integration of genetic and immunological insights into a model of celiac disease pathogenesis. Annu. Rev. Immunol. 2011; 29:493-525.
  4. Kagnoff MF. Celiac disease: pathogenesis of a model immunogenetic disease. J Clin Invest. 2007; 117:41-49.
  5. Megiorni F et al. HLA-DQ and susceptibility to celiac disease: evidence for gender differences and parent-of-origin effects. Am J Gastroenterol. 2008; 103:997-1003.
  6. Karell et al. HLA types in celiac disease patients not carrying the DQA1*05-DQB1*02(DQ2) heterodimer: results from the European genetics cluster of celiac disease. Hum Immunol. 2003; 64:469-477

Comprehensive Genetic

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  2. Lange LA, Norris JM, Langefeld CD, et al. Association of adipose tissue deposition and beta-2 adrenergic receptor variants: the IRAS family study. Int J Obes (Lond). 2005;29(5):449-57.
  3. Martínez JA et al. Obesity risk is associated with carbohydrate intake in women with the Gln27Glu β2-adrenoreceptor polymorphism. J Nutr. 2003; 133:2549-2554.
  4. Large V et al. Human Beta-2 adrenoreceptor gene polymorphisms are highly frequent in obesity and associate with altered adipocyte Beta-2 adrenoceptor function. J Clin Invest. 1997; 100:3005-3013.
  5. Macho-Azcarate et al. Gln27Glu polymorphism in the beta2 adrenergic receptor gene and lipid metabolism during exercise in obese women. Int J Obesity. 2002; 26:1434-1441.
  6. HGNC. http://www.genenames.org/cgibin/gene_symbol_report? hgnc_id=HGNC:286.
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  8. Layman DK. Dietary Guidelines should reflect new understandings about adult protein needs. Nutr Metab (Lond). 2009; 6:12.
  9. Phares DA et al. Association Between Body Fat Response to Exercise Training and Multilocus ADR Genotypes. Obes Res. 2004; 12(5):807-815.
  10. Corbalan MS et al. The 27Glu polymorphism of the Beta2-adrenergic receptor gene interacts with physical activity influencing obesity risk among female subjects. Clin Genet. 2002; 61:305-307.
  11. Zhang et al. Association of Gln27Glu and Arg16Gly Polymorphisms in Beta2-Adrenergic Receptor Gene with Obesity Susceptibility: A Meta-Analysis. PLoS ONE. 2014; 9(6): e100489.
  12. Martinez-lopez E, Garcia-garcia MR, Gonzalez-avalos JM, et al. Effect of Ala54Thr polymorphism of FABP2 on anthropometric and biochemical variables in response to a moderate-fat diet. Nutrition. 2013;29(1):46-51.
  13. Pratley RE, Baier L, Pan DA, et al. Effects of an Ala54Thr polymorphism in the intestinal fatty acid-binding protein on responses to dietary fat in humans. J Lipid Res. 2000;41(12):2002-8.
  14. Levy E et al. The polymorphism at codon 54 of the FABP2 gene increases fat absorption in human intestinal explants. J Biol Chem. 2001; 276:39679-39684.
  15. Marin C et al. The Ala54Thr polymorphism of the fatty acid-binding protein 2 gene is associated with a change in insulin sensitivity after a change in the type of dietary fat. Am J Clin Nutr. 2005; 82:196-200.
  16. Albala C et al. FABP2 Ala54Thr polymorphism and diabetes in Chilean elders. Diab Res Clin Pract. 2007; 77:245-250.
  17. Paglialunga S et al. Regulation of postprandial lipemia: an update on current trends. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab. 2007; 32:61-75.
  18. Takakura Y et al. Thr54 allele of the FABP2 gene affects resting metabolic rate and visceral obesity. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2005; 67:36-42.
  19. Hegele RA. A Review of Intestinal Fatty Acid Binding Protein Gene Variation and the Plasma Lipoprotein Response to Dietary Components. Clin Biochem. 1998; 31:609-612.
  20. Gaggini M et al. Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD) and Its Connection with Insulin Resistance, Dyslipidemia, Atherosclerosis and Coronary Heart Disease. Nutrients. 2013; 5:1544-1560.
  21. Almeida JC et al. The Ala54Thr polymorphism of the FABP2 gene influences the postprandial fatty acids in patients with type 2 diabetes. J Clin Endocrin Met. 2010; 95:3909-3917.
  22. Dworatzek PD et al. Postprandial lipemia in subjects with the threonine 54 variant of the fatty acid-binding protein 2 gene is dependent on the type of fat ingested. Am J Clin Nutr. 2004; 79:1110-1117.
  23. Weiss EP et al. FABP2 Ala54Thr genotype is associated with glucoregulatory function and lipid oxidation after a high-fat meal in sedentary nondiabetic men and women. Am J Clin Nutr. 2007; 85:102-108.
  24. Weickert MO et al. Metabolic Effects of Dietary Fiber consumption and Prevention of Diabetes. J Nutr. 2008; 138(3):439-442.
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  27. Brandou F et al. Impact of high- and low-intensity targeted exercise training on the type of substrate utilization in obese boys submitted to a hypocaloric diet. Diabetes Metab. 2005; 31(4 Pt 1):327-325.
  28. Corella D et al. A High Intake of Saturated Fatty Acids Strengthens the Association between the Fat Mass and Obesity-Associated Gene and BMI. J of Nutr. 2011; 141:2219-2225.
  29. Kilpelainen TO et al. Physical Activity Attenuates the Influence of FTO Variants on Obesity Risk: A Meta-Analysis of 218,166 Adults and 19.268 Children. PLOS Medicine. 2011; 8(11):31001116.
  30. Frayling TM et al. A Common Variant in the FTO Gene is Associated with Body Mass Index and Predisposition to Childhood and Adult Obesity. Science. 2007; 316(58):889-894.
  31. Berulava T and Horsthemke B. The obesity-associated SNPs in intron 1 of the FTO gene affect primary transcript levels. Eur J Hum Genet. 2010; 18(9):1054-1058.
  32. Karra E et al. A link between FTO, ghrelin, and impaired brain food-cue responsivity. J Clin Invest. 2013; 123(8):3539-3551.
  33. Lu Y et al. Obesity genomics: assessing the transferability of susceptibility loci across diverse populations. Genome Med. 2013; 5:55.
  34. Cho YS et al. A large-scale genome-wide association study of Asian populations uncovers genetic factors influencing eight quantitative traits. Nat Genet. 2009; 41:527-534.
  35. Jaaskelainen A et al. Meal Frequencies Modify the Effect of Common Genetic Variants on Body Mass Index in Adolescents of the Northern Finland Birth Cohort 1986. PLOS One. 2013; 8(9):e73802.
  36. Zhang X et al. FTO Genotype and 2-Year Change in Body Composition and Fat Distribution in Response to Weight-Loss Diets: The POUNDS Lost Trial. Diabetes. 2012; 61:3005-3011.
  37. Ortega-Azorin C et al. Associations of the FTO rs9939609 and the MC4R rs17782313 polymorphisms with type 2 diabetes are modulated by diet, being higher when adherence to the Mediterranean diet pattern is low. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2012; 11:137.
  38. Mitchell JA et al. FTO Genotype and the Weight Loss Benefits of Moderate Intensity Exercise. Obesity. 2010; 18(3):641-643.
  39. Lauria F et al. Prospective Analysis of the Association of a Common Variant of FTO (rs9939609) with Adiposity in Children: Results of the IDEFICS Study. PLoS One. 2012; 7: e48876.
  40. Velders FP et al. FTO at rs9939609, food responsiveness, emotional control and symptoms of ADHD in preschool children. PLoS One. 2012; 7:e49131.
  41. Wardle J et al. Obesity associated genetic variation in FTO is associated with diminished satiety. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2008; 93:3640–3643.
  42. den Hoed M et al. Postprandial responses in hunger and satiety are associated with the rs9939609 single nucleotide polymorphism in FTO. Am J Clin Nutr. 2009; 90:1426–1432.
  43. Loos RJF et al. Common variants near MC4R are associated with fat mass, weight and risk of obesity. Nat Genet. 2008; 40(6):768-775.
  44. Qi L et al. The common obesity variant near MC4R gene is associated with higher intakes of total energy and dietary fat, weight change and diabetes risk in women. Human Mol Genetics 2008; 17:3502-3508.
  45. Xi B et al. Common polymorphism near the MC4R gene is associated with type 2 diabetes: data from a meta-analysis of 123,373 individuals. Diabetologia 2012; 55:2660–2666.
  46. Stutzmann F et al. Common genetic variation near MC4R is associated with eating behaviour patterns in European populations. Int J Obes. 2009; 33:373-378.
  47. Xi B et al. Influence of physical inactivity on associations between single nucleotide polymorphisms and genetic predisposition to childhood obesity. Am J Epidemiology 2011; 173:1256-1262.
  48. Acosta A et al. Association of melanocortin 4 receptor gene variation with satiation and gastric emptying in overweight and obese adults. Genes Nutr. 2014; 9(2):384.
  49. Zlatohlavek L et al. FTO and MC4R gene variants determine BMI changes in children after intensive lifestyle intervention. Clin Biochem. 2013; 46:313-31.
  50. Raynor HA et al. Dietary energy density and successful weight loss maintenance. Eat Behav. 2011; 12(2):119-125.
  51. Otten JJ et al. DRI: Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC. National Academies Press. c2006.
  52. OSU: Linus Pauling Institute. Glycemic Index and Glycemic Load. http://lpi.oregonstate.edu/infocenter/foods/grains/gigl.html
  53. Jaaskelainen A et al. Meal Frequencies Modify the Effect of Common Genetic Variants on Body Mass Index in Adolescents of the Northern Finland Birth Cohort 1986. PLOS One. 2013; 8(9):e73802.
  54. Little JP et al. A practical model of low-volume high-intensity interval training induces mitochondrial biogenesis in human skeletal muscle: potential mechanisms. J Physiol. 2010; 588 (Pt 6):1011-1022.
  55. Bauer F et al. Obesity genes identified in genome-wide association studies are associated with adiposity measures and potentially with nutrient-specific food preference. Am J Clin Nutr. 2009; 90:951–959.
  56. Volckmar AL et al. Mutation screen in the GWAS derived obesity gene SH2B1 including functional analyses of detected variants. BMC Med Genomics. 2012; 5:65.
  57. Jamshidi Y et al. The SH2B gene is associated with serum leptin and body fat in normal female twins. Obesity. 2007; 15:5-9.
  58. Ren D et al. Neuronal SH2B1 is essential for controlling energy and glucose homeostasis. J Clin Invest. 2007; 117:397–406.
  59. Morris DL et al. SH2B1 enhances insulin sensitivity by both stimulating the insulin receptor and inhibiting tyrosine dephosphorylation of insulin receptor substrate proteins. Diabetes. 2009; 58:2039-2047.
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COMT

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  2. Crooke P et al. Estrogens, Enzyme Variants, and Breast Cancer: A Risk Model. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2006; 15(9):1620-9.
  3. Lachman H et al. Human catechol-O-methyltransferase pharmacogenetics: description of a functional polymorphism and its potential application to neuropsychiatric disorders. Pharmacogenetics 1996; 6:243-250.
  4. Weinshilboum R et al. Methylation Pharmacogenetics: Catechol-O methyltransferase, Thiopurine Methyltransferase, and Histamine N-Methyltransferase. Annu. Rev. Pharmacol. Toxicol. 1999; 39:19-52.
  5. Mannisto P and S Kaakkola. Catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT): Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Pharmacology, and Clinical Efficacy of the New Selective COMT Inhibitors. Pharm Rev. 1999; 51(4):594-622.
  6. Dawling S et al. Catechol-O-Methyltransferase (COMT)-mediated Metabolism of Catechol Estrogens: Comparison of Wild-Type and Variant COMT Isoforms. Cancer Res. 2001; 61:6716-6722.
  7. Mier D et al. Neural substrates of pleiotropic action of genetic variation in COMT: a meta-analysis. Molecular Psychiatry 2010; 15:918-927.
  8. Goldman D et al. The Genetics of Addictions: Uncovering the Genes. Nat Rev Genet. 2005; 6(7):521-532.
  9. Yuferov V et al. Search for Genetic Markers and Functional Variants Involved in the Development of Opiate and Cocaine Addiction, and Treatment. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2010; 1187:184-207.
  10. Schellekens AF et al. COMT Val158Met modulates the effect of childhood adverse experiences on the risk of alcohol dependence. Addict Biol. 2013; 18(2):344-356.
  11. Bhakta SG et al. The COMT Met158 allele and violence in schizophrenia: a meta-analysis. Schizophr Res. 2012; 140(1-3):192-197.
  12. Godar SC and M Bortolato. Gene-sex interactions in schizophrenia: focus on dopamine neurotransmission. Front Behav Neurosci. 2014; 8:71.
  13. Pooley EC et al. The met158 allele of catechol-o-methyltransferase (COMT) is associated with obsessive-compulsive disorder in men: case-control study and meta-analysis. Mol Psych. 2007; 12:556-551.
  14. Konishi Y et al. Genexgenexgender interaction of BDNF and COMT genotypes associated with panic disorder. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 2014; 51:119-125.
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  23. Ball P and R Knuppen. Catecholoestrogens (2-and 4-hydroxyoestrogens): chemistry, biogenesis, metabolism, occurrence and physiological significance. Acta Endocrinol. Suppl. 1980; 232:1-127.
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  27. Eriksson AL et al. The COMT val158met polymorphism Is Associated with Early Pubertal Development, Height and Cortical Bone Mass in Girls. Pediatr Res. 2005; 58(1):71-77.
  28. Masurier M et al. Effect of Acute Tyrosine Depletion in Using a Branched Chain Amino-Acid Mixture on Dopamine Neurotransmission in the Rat Brain. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2006; 31(2):310-317.
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  44. Almey A et al. Estrogen receptors in the central nervous system and their implication for dopamine-dependent cognition in females. Horm Behav. 2015; 74:125-138.
  45. McCann S et al. Changes in 2-hydroxyestrone and 16α-hydroxyestrone metabolism with flaxseed consumption: Modification by COMT and CYP1B1 genotype. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2007; 16(2):256-262.
  46. Rižner TL. Estrogen biosynthesis, phase I and phase II metabolism, and action in endometrial cancer. Mol Cell Endocrinol. 2013; 381(1-2):124-139.
  47. Masurier M et al. Effect of Acute Tyrosine Depletion in Using a Branched Chain Amino-Acid Mixture on Dopamine Neurotransmission in the Rat Brain. 2006; 31(2):310-317.
  48. Fernstrom HD and MH Fernstrom. Tyrosine, Phenylalanine, and Catecholamine Synthesis and Function in the Brain. J. Nutr. 2007; 137(6):1539S-1547S.
  49. Reus G et al. Kynurenine pathway dysfunction in the pathophysiology and treatment of depression: Evidences from animal and human studies. J Psychiatr Res. 2015; 68:316-328.
  50. Jangid P et al. Comparative study of efficacy of l-5-hydroxytryptophan and fluoxetine in patients presenting with first depressive episode. Asian J Psychiatr. 2013; 6(1):29-34.
  51. Lowe S et al. L-5-Hydroxytryptophan augments the neuroendocrine response to a SSRI. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2006; 31(4):473-484.
  52. Lardner A et al. Neurobiological effects of the green tea constituent theanine and its potential role in the treatment of psychiatric and neurodegenerative disorders. Nutritional Neuroscience. 2014; 17(4):145-155.
  53. Mu W et al. An overview of biological production of L-theanine. Biotechnol Adv. 2015; 33(3-4):335-342.
  54. Kakuda T. Neuroprotective effects of theanine and its preventive effects on cognitive dysfunction. Pharmacol Res. 2011; 64(2):162-168.
  55. Tian X et al. Protective effect of l-theanine on chronic restraint stress-induced cognitive impairments in mice. Brain Res. 2013; 1503:24-32.
  56. Martínez-Banaclocha M et al. N-acetyl-cysteine in the treatment of Parkinson’s disease. What are we waiting for? Med Hypotheses. 2012; 79(1):8-12.
  57. Dean O. et al. N-acetyl cysteine restores brain glutathione loss in combined 2-cyclohexene-1-one and d-amphetamine-treated rats: Relevance to schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Neurosci Lett. 2011; 499(3):149-153.
  58. Botsakis K et al. 17β-Estradiol/N-acetylcysteine interaction enhances the neuroprotective effect on dopaminergic neurons in the weaver model of dopamine deficiency. Neuroscience. 2016; 320:221-229.
  59. Tunbridge E et al. Polymorphisms in the catechol‐O‐methyltransferase (COMT) gene influence plasma total homocysteine levels. American Journal of Medical Genetics Part B: Neuropsychiatric Genetics 147.6 (2008):996-999.
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Mood Profile

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  2. Weinshilboum R et al. Methylation Pharmacogenetics: Catechol-O methyltransferase, Thiopurine Methyltransferase, and Histamine N-Methyltransferase. Annu. Rev. Pharmacol. Toxicol. 1999; 39:19-52.
  3. Genetics Home Reference. Genes: COMT. http://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/gene/COMT.
  4. Mier D et al. Neural substrates of pleiotropic action of genetic variation in COMT: a meta-analysis. Molecular Psychiatry. 2010; 15:918-927.
  5. Lester K et al. Therapygenetics: Using genetic markers to predict response to psychological treatment for mood and anxiety disorders. Biology of Mood & Anxiety Disorders. 2013; 3:4.
  6. Cheng JB et al. Genetic evidence that the human CYP2R1 enzyme is a key vitamin D 25-hydroxylase. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2004; 101:7711–7715.
  7. Ahn J et al. Genome-wide association study of circulating vitamin D levels. Human Molecular Genetics. 2010; 19(13): 2739-2745.
  8. Nissen J et al. Vitamin D Concentrations in Healthy Danish Children and Adults. PLOS One. 2014; 9(2):e89907.
  9. Harris HW et al. Supplementation might help patients with depression, seasonal mood disturbances. Current Psych. 2013; 12(4):19-25.
  10. Houssein-Nezhad A et al. Vitamin D for Health: A Global Perspective. Mayo Clin. Proc. 2013; 88(7):720-755.
  11. Kelly RJ et al. Sequence and expression of a candidate for the human Secretor blood group alpha (1,2)fucosyltransferase gene (FUT2). Homozygosity for an enzyme-inactivating nonsense mutation commonly correlates with the non-secretor phenotype. J Biol Chem. 1995; 270:4640–4649.
  12. Hazra A et al. Genome-wide significant predictors of metabolites in the one-carbon metabolism pathway. Hum Mol Gen. 2009; 18(23):4677-4687.
  13. Semmes BJ. Depression: a role for omega-3 fish oils and B vitamins? Evid. Based Integr. Med. 2005; 2:229–237.
  14. Tiemeier H et al. Vitamin B12, Folate, and Homocysteine in Depression: The Rotterdam Study. Am J Psychiatry. 2002; 159:2099-2101.
  15. Frankenburg, FR. The role of one-carbon metabolism in schizophrenia and depression. Harv. Rev. Psychiatry. 2007; 15:146–160.
  16. Seppälä et al. Association between vitamin b12 levels and melancholic depressive symptoms: a Finnish population-based study. BMC Psychiatry 2013;13:145.
  17. Tanaka T et al. Genome-wide Association Study of Vitamin B6, Vitamin B12, Folate, and Homocysteine Blood Concentrations. The American Journal of Human Genetics. 2009; 84:477-482.
  18. Gozdzik A et al. Association of vitamin D binding protein (VDBP) polymorphisms and serum 25(OH)D concentrations in a sample of young Canadian adults of different ancestry. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 2011; 127:405–412.
  19. Ahn J et al. Genome-wide association study of circulating vitamin D levels. Human Molecular Genetics. 2010; 19(13) 2739-2745.
  20. Nissen J et al. Vitamin D Concentrations in Healthy Danish Children and Adults. PLOS One. 2014; 9(2):e89907.
  21. Foucan L et al. Polymorphisms in GC and NADSYN1 Genes are associated with vitamin D status and metabolic profile in non-diabetic adults. BMC Endocrine Disorders. 2013; 13:36.
  22. Wang T et al. Common genetic determinants of vitamin D insufficiency: a genome-wide association study. Lancet. 2010; 376(9736):180-188.
  23. Grober U et al. Vitamin D: Update 2013: From rickets prophylaxis to general preventive healthcare. Dermato-Endocrinology. 2013; 5(3):331-47.
  24. Bischoff-Ferrari HA et al. A pooled analysis of vitamin D dose requirements for fracture prevention. N Engl J Med. 2012; 367:40–9.
  25. Bjelland I et al. Folate, Vitamin B12, Homocysteine, and the MTHFR 677CT Polymorphism in Anxiety and Depression: The Hordaland Homocysteine Study. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2003; 60(6):618-626.
  26. Beydoun MA et al. Serum folate, vitamin B-12 and homocysteine and their association with depressive symptoms among US adults. Psychosom Med. 2010;72(9):862-873.
  27. Refsum H et al. The Hordaland Homocysteine Study: A Community-Based Study of Homocysteine, Its Determinants, and Associations with Disease. J Nutr. 2006; 136:1731S-1740S.
  28. Frosst P et al. A candidate genetic risk factor for vascular disease: a common mutation in methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase. Nat Genet. 1995; 10:111–113.
  29. Lewis SJ et al. The thermolabile variant of MTHFR is associated with depression in the British Women’s Heart and Health Study and a meta-analysis. Molecular Psychiatry. 2006; 11:352-360.
  30. Van der Put NM et al. A second common mutation in the methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase gene: an additional risk factor for neural-tube defects? Am J Hum Genet. 1998; 62(5):1044–51.
  31. Weisberg I et al. A second genetic polymorphism in methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) associated with decreased enzyme activity. Mol Genet Metab. 1998; 64:169–72.
  32. Nurk E et al. Plasma Total Homocysteine and Memory in the Elderly: The Hordaland Homocysteine Study. Ann Neurol. 2005; 58:847-857.
  33. Rajagopalan P et al. Common folate gene variant, MTHFR C677T, is associated with brain structure in two independent cohorts of people with mild cognitive impairment. Neuroimage Clin. 2012; 1(1):179-187. 179-187.
  34. Lewis SJ et al. The thermolabile variant of MTHFR is associated with depression in the British Women’s Heart and Health Study and a meta-analysis. Molecular Psychiatry. 2006; 11:352-360.
  35. Gilbody S et al. Methylenetetrahydrofolate Reductase (MTHFR) Genetic Polymorphisms and Psychiatric Disorders: A HuGE Review. Am J Epidemiol. 2007;165:1-13.

MTHFR

  1. Van der Put NM et al. A second common mutation in the methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase gene: an additional risk factor for neural-tube defects? Am J Hum Genet. 1998; 62(5):1044–51.
  2. Wagner C. Biochemical role of folate in cellular metabolism. In: Bailey LB, editor. Folate in health and disease. New York, NY: Marcel Dekker Inc.; 1995. p. 23–42.
  3. Bailey LB and JF Gregory III. Polymorphisms of Methylenetetrahydrofolate Reductase and Other Enzymes: Metabolic Significance, Risks and Impact on Folate Requirement. J Nutr. 1999; 129(5):919-22.
  4. Stover PJ. Polymorphisms in 1-Carbon Metabolism, Epigenetics and Folate-Related Pathologies. J. Nutrigenet Nutrigenomics. 2012; 4(5):293-305.
  5. Refsum H et al. The Hordaland Homocysteine Study: A Community-Based Study of Homocysteine, Its Determinants, and Associations with Disease. J Nutr. 2006; 136:1731S-1740S.
  6. Frosst P et al. A candidate genetic risk factor for vascular disease: a common mutation in methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase. Nat Genet. 1995; 10:111–113.
  7. Weisberg I et al. A second genetic polymorphism in methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) associated with decreased enzyme activity. Mol Genet Metab. 1998; 64:169–72.
  8. Teng Z. The 677C>T (rs1801133) polymorphism in the MTHFR gene contributes to colorectal cancer risk: a meta-analysis based on 71 research studies. PLoS One. 2013; 8(2):e55332.
  9. Yang L, et al. Impact of methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) polymorphisms on methotrexate-induced toxicities in acute lymphoblastic leukemia: a meta-analysis. Tumor Biol. 2012; 33(5):1445–54.
  10. Bjelland I et al. Folate, Vitamin B12, Homocysteine, and the MTHFR 677CT Polymorphism in Anxiety and Depression: The Hordaland Homocysteine Study. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2003; 60(6):618-626.
  11. Beydoun MA et al. Serum folate, vitamin B-12 and homocysteine and their association with depressive symptoms among US adults. Psychosom Med. 2010; 72(9):862-873.
  12. Nurk E et al. Plasma Total Homocysteine and Memory in the Elderly: The Hordaland Homocysteine Study. Ann Neurol. 2005; 58:847-857.
  13. Rajagopalan P et al. Common folate gene variant, MTHFR C677T, is associated with brain structure in two independent cohorts of people with mild cognitive impairment. Neuroimage Clin. 2012; 1(1):179-187. 179-187.
  14. Cotlarciuc I et al. Effect of genetic variants associated with plasma homocysteine levels on stroke risk. Stroke. 2014; 45(7):1920-4.
  15. Refsum H et al. The Hordaland Homocysteine Study: A community- based study of homocysteine, its determinants, and associations with disease. The Journal of Nutrition. 2006; 136:1731S-1740S.
  16. Simpson J et al. Micronutrients and women of reproductive potential: required dietary intake and consequences of dietary deficiency or excess. Part I – Folate, Vitamin B12, Vitamin B6. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2011; 24(1):1-24.
  17. NIH: Office of Dietary Supplements. Folate. http://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Folate-HealthProfessional/
  18. Pietrzrik K. Folic acid and L-5-Methyltetrahydrofolate: Comparison of Clinical Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics. Cln Pharmacokinet. 2010; 49(8):535-548.
  19. Jain R et al. Beyond the resistance: how novel neurobiological understandings of depression may lead to advanced treatment strategies. J Clin Psychiatry. 2012; 73(11):e30.
  20. Soleimani A et al. Comparison of oral folic acid and folinic acid on blood homocysteine level of patients on hemodialysis. Iran J Kidney Dis. 2011: 5(1):45-9.
  21. Chen Z et al. Purification and Kinetic Mechanism of a Mammalian Methionine Synthase from Pig Liver. J Biol Chem. 1994; 269(44):27193-27197.
  22. Ho G et al. Methylenetetrahydrofolate Reductase Polymorphisms and Homocysteine-Lowering Effect of Vitamin Therapy in Singaporean Stroke Patients. Stroke. 2006; 37:456-460.
  23. Chen X et al. Contrasting behaviors of mutant cystathionine beta-synthase enzymes associated with pyridoxine response. Hum Mutat. 2006; 275(5):474-482.
  24. Dell’Edera D et al. Effect of multivitamins on plasma homocysteine in patients with the 5,10 methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase C677T homozygous state. Molecular Medicine Reports. 2013; 8:609-612.
  25. Betaine: Drug Information. http://www.uptodate.com/contents/betaine-drug-information?source=search_result&search=betaine&selectedTitle=1~9
  26. Lawson-Yuen A eta l. The use of betaine in treatment of elevated homocysteine. Mol Genet Metab. 2006; 88(3):201-207.
  27. Hultberg B et al. Plasma homocysteine and thiol compound fractions after oral administration of N-acetylcysteine. Scand J Clin Lab Invest. 1994; 54:417–422.

Nutritional Health

  1. Ferrucci L et al. “Common Variation in the B-Carotene 15, 15’-Monooxygenase 1 Gene Affects Circulating Levels of Carotenoids: A Genome-wide Association Study.” The American Journal of Human Genetics. 2009; 84, 123-133.
  2. Borel P et al. “Genetic Variations Involved in Interindividual Variability in Carotenoid Status.” Mol Nutr Food Res. 2012; 56(2): 228-40.
  3. Wyss A et al. Expression pattern and localization of β,β-carotene 15,15′-dioxygenase in different tissues. Biochem. J. 2001; 354:521–529.
  4. Lietz G et al. “Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms Upstream from the B-Carotene 15, 15’-Monoxygenase Gene Influence Provitamin A Conversion Efficiency in Female Volunteers.” J. Nutr. 2012; 142(1):161S-165S.
  5. Cheng JB et al. Genetic evidence that the human CYP2R1 enzyme is a key vitamin D 25-hydroxylase. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2004; 101:7711–7715.
  6. Ahn J et al. Genome-wide association study of circulating vitamin D levels. Human Molecular Genetics. 2010; 19(13): 2739-2745.
  7. Nissen J et al. Vitamin D Concentrations in Healthy Danish Children and Adults. PLOS One. 2014; 9(2):e89907.
  8. Harris HW et al. Supplementation might help patients with depression, seasonal mood disturbances. Current Psych. 2013; 12(4):19-25.
  9. Houssein-Nezhad A et al. Vitamin D for Health: A Global Perspective. Mayo Clin. Proc. 2013; 88(7):720-755.
  10. Holick MF and M Garabedian. Vitamin D: photobiology, metabolism, mechanism of action, and clinical applications. In: Favus MJ, ed. Primer on the metabolic bone diseases and disorders of mineral metabolism. 6th ed. Washington, DC: American Society for Bone and Mineral Research. 2006; 129-137.
  11. Lips P and NM van Schoor. The effect of vitamin D on bone and osteoporosis. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2011; 25:585–591.
  12. Wang T et al. Common genetic determinants of vitamin D insufficiency: a genome-wide association study. Lancet. 2010; 376(9736):180-188.
  13. Bischoff-Ferrari HA et al. A pooled analysis of vitamin D dose requirements for fracture prevention. N Engl J Med. 2012; 367:40–9.
  14. Grober U et al. Vitamin D: Update 2013: From rickets prophylaxis to general preventive healthcare. Dermato-Endocrinology. 2013; 5(3):331-47.
  15. Kelly RJ et al. Sequence and expression of a candidate for the human Secretor blood group alpha (1,2)fucosyltransferase gene (FUT2). Homozygosity for an enzyme-inactivating nonsense mutation commonly correlates with the non-secretor phenotype. J Biol Chem. 1995; 270:4640–4649.
  16. Hazra A et al. Genome-wide significant predictors of metabolites in the one-carbon metabolism pathway. Hum Mol Gen. 2009; 18(23):4677-4687.
  17. Semmes BJ. Depression: a role for omega-3 fish oils and B vitamins? Evid. Based Integr. Med. 2005; 2:229–237.
  18. Tiemeier H et al. Vitamin B12, Folate, and Homocysteine in Depression: The Rotterdam Study. Am J Psychiatry. 2002; 159:2099-2101.
  19. Frankenburg, FR. The role of one-carbon metabolism in schizophrenia and depression. Harv. Rev. Psychiatry. 2007; 15:146–160.
  20. Seppälä et al. Association between vitamin b12 levels and melancholic depressive symptoms: a Finnish population-based study. BMC Psychiatry 2013; 13:145.
  21. Tanaka T et al. Genome-wide Association Study of Vitamin B6, Vitamin B12, Folate, and Homocysteine Blood Concentrations. The American Journal of Human Genetics. 2009; 84:477-482.
  22. Hazra A et al. Common variants of FUT2 are associated with plasma vitamin B12 levels. Nat. Genet. 2008; 40:1160–1162.
  23. http://lpi.oregonstate.edu/infocenter/vitamins/vitaminB12/.
  24. Gozdzik A et al. Association of vitamin D binding protein (VDBP) polymorphisms and serum 25(OH)D concentrations in a sample of young Canadian adults of different ancestry. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 2011; 127:405–412.
  25. Ahn J et al. Genome-wide association study of circulating vitamin D levels. Human Molecular Genetics. 2010; 19(13) 2739-2745.
  26. Nissen J et al. Vitamin D Concentrations in Healthy Danish Children and Adults. PLoS One. 2014; 9(2):e89907.
  27. Foucan L et al. Polymorphisms in GC and NADSYN1 Genes are associated with vitamin D status and metabolic profile in non-diabetic adults. BMC Endocrine Disorders. 2013; 13:36.
  28. Wang T et al. Common genetic determinants of vitamin D insufficiency: a genome-wide association study. Lancet. 2010; 376(9736):180-188.
  29. Grober U et al. Vitamin D: Update 2013: From rickets prophylaxis to general preventive healthcare. Dermato-Endocrinology. 2013; 5(3):331-47.
  30. Bischoff-Ferrari HA et al. A pooled analysis of vitamin D dose requirements for fracture prevention. N Engl J Med. 2012; 367:40–9.
  31. Wagner C. Biochemical role of folate in cellular metabolism. In: Bailey LB, editor. Folate in health and disease. New York, NY: Marcel Dekker Inc.; 1995. p. 23–42.
  32. Bailey LB and JF Gregory III. Polymorphisms of Methylenetetrahydrofolate Reductase and Other Enzymes: Metabolic Significance, Risks and Impact on Folate Requirement. J Nutr. 1999; 129(5):919-22.
  33. Stover PJ. Polymorphisms in 1-Carbon Metabolism, Epigenetics and Folate-Related Pathologies. J. Nutrigenet Nutrigenomics. 2012; 4(5):293-305.
  34. Refsum H et al. The Hordaland Homocysteine Study: A Community-Based Study of Homocysteine, Its Determinants, and Associations with Disease. J Nutr. 2006; 136:1731S-1740S.
  35. Frosst P et al. A candidate genetic risk factor for vascular disease: a common mutation in methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase. Nat Genet. 1995; 10:111–113.
  36. Van der Put NM et al. A second common mutation in the methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase gene: an additional risk factor for neural-tube defects? Am J Hum Genet. 1998; 62(5):1044–51.
  37. Weisberg I et al. A second genetic polymorphism in methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) associated with decreased enzyme activity. Mol Genet Metab. 1998; 64:169–72.
  38. Teng Z. The 677C>T (rs1801133) polymorphism in the MTHFR gene contributes to colorectal cancer risk: a meta-analysis based on 71 research studies. PLoS One. 2013; 8(2):e55332.
  39. Hara N et al. Molecular identification of human glutamine- and ammonia-dependent NAD synthetases. Carbon-nitrogen hydrolase domain confers glutamine dependency. J. Biol. Chem. 2003; 278(13):10914-10921.
  40. Wassif CA et al. Mutations in the human sterol Δ7-reductase gene at 11q12–13 cause Smith–Lemli–Opitz syndrome. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 1998; 63:55–62.
  41. Wang T et al. Common genetic determinants of vitamin D insufficiency: a genome-wide association study. Lancet. 2010; 376(9736):180-188.
  42. Harris HW et al. Supplementation might help patients with depression, seasonal mood disturbances. Current Psych. 2013; 12(4):19-25.
  43. Houssein-Nezhad A et al. Vitamin D for Health: A Global Perspective. Mayo Clinic. Proc. 2013; 88(7):720-755.
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PGx Comprehensive

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